cryptococcal meningitis is highly communicable among humans.

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Cryptococcal Meningitis Diagnostics and Screening in the Era of Point-of-Care Laboratory Testing | Journal of Clinical MicrobiologyPreventing Deaths from Cryptococcal Meningitis About is a fungus that lives in the environment around the world. Most people probably breathe in this microscopic fungus at some point in their lives but never get sick of it. However, in people with weakened immune systems, such as those living with HIV, cryptocococcus may remain hidden in the body and then cause a severe (but not contagious) brain infection called cryptococcal meningitis. Around the world, nearly 220,000 new cases of cryptococcal meningitis occur every year, resulting in some 181,000 deaths. Most of the diseases and deaths are estimated to occur in countries with limited resources, among people living with HIV. Improved access to global antiretroviral therapy (ART) has helped to improve the immune systems of many HIV patients so they are not at increased risk of cryptococcal meningitis. However, cryptococcal meningitis remains a major problem in which the prevalence of HIV is high and where access to medical care can be limited. Diagnosis and TreatmentCryptococcal antigen, a biological marker that indicates that a person has a cryptococcal infection, can be detected in the body weeks before meningitis appears. People who have advanced HIV infection should be tested for cryptococcal antigen. Patients who test positive for cryptococcal antigen may take antifungal drugs to help the body fight the early stage of the infection. This approach has proven to reduce the likelihood of a patient developing cryptococcal meningitis. To detect people living with HIV from early cryptococcal infection and cryptococcal meningitis, health facilities and laboratories must have access to reliable testing. These tests are currently not available in many parts of the world. Improved access to these tests is a key step in reducing the deaths of cryptococcal meningitis. The lateral flow test is a reliable, fast and economic test that can be used in a small sample of blood or spinal fluid to detect cryptococic antigen. The test accurately detects cryptococcal infections more than 95% of the time. In addition, the test does not require expensive laboratory equipment and experience, making it ideal for low-resource configurations. To reduce mortality from cryptococcal infection, it is also necessary to identify patients with low CD4 counts, who have the highest risk of cryptococcal meningitis. Afotericin B, flucytsine and fluconazole are antifungal drugs proven to improve survival in patients with cryptococcal infections. These essential medicines are often not available in areas of the world where they are most needed. What CDC DoingCDC supports several activities to reduce the disease and death of cryptococal meningitis including: CDC has developed training materials to help educate doctors, nurses, HIV/AIDS counselors, pharmacists and patients on diagnosis, management and prevention of cryptococcal diseases. These materials are intended to support screen programs and cryptococal treatment. The CDC can also help provide personalized resources in training and case studies for cryptococcal detection. Output notification / Liability policy

Cryptococcal Meningitis What is cryptococcal meningitis? is an infection and inflammation of the meninges, which are the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord. Meningitis can be caused by different germs, including . Two types of fungi can cause cryptococcal meningitis (CM). They are called Cryptococcus neoformans (C. neoformans) and Cryptococcus gattii (C. gattii). This disease is rare in healthy people. CM is more common in people who have compromised immune systems, such as people who have. The symptoms of CM usually come slowly. Within a few days a few weeks of contact, an infected person may develop the following symptoms: In some cases, the infected person may experience a stiff neck and fever. If not treated, the CM can lead to more severe symptoms, such as:Without treatment, the CM is fatal, especially in people with HIV or AIDS. According to the British Medical Bulletin, people with HIV-related CM die from the disease. A fungus called C. neoformans causes most cases of CM. This fungus is on the ground all over the world. It is usually found on soil containing drops of birds. C. gattii also causes CM. It is not found in the descents of birds. It is associated with trees, more commonly eucalyptus. It grows in debris around the base of the eucalyptus tree. The CM usually occurs in people who have a committed immune system. C. gattii is more likely to infect someone with a healthy immune system than neoforms C... But the conditional rarely occurs in someone who has a normal immune system. Your doctor will also perform a physical exam when trying to find out if you have CM. They will seek the symptoms associated with this disease. If your doctor suspects you have CM, they will order a spinal tap. During this procedure, you will lie on your side with your knees near your chest. Your doctor will clean an area over your spine, and then inject medications for numbness. Your doctor will insert a needle and collect a sample of your spinal fluid. A lab will test this fluid to find out if it has CM. Your doctor can also test your blood. You will receive antifungal medication if you have CM. The most common choice is amphotericin B. You'll need to take the drug every day. Your doctor will monitor you closely while you are in this medication to observe nephrotoxicity (which means that the medication may be toxic to your kidneys). You will usually receive intravenous anphotericin B, which means directly in your veins. Probably also take flucytosine, another antifungal medication, while you are taking amphotericin B. This combination helps treat the condition faster. You will need to get spinal fluid tests repeatedly during treatment. If your exams become negative for CM for two weeks, your doctor will probably ask you to stop taking amphotericin B and flucytosine. You'll probably change to take only fluconazole for about eight weeks. Most people who develop CM already have severely compromised immune systems. According to C. neoformans infections, there are approximately 0.4 to 1.3 cases per 100,000 people in the healthy general population annually. However, in patients with HIV or AIDS, the annual incidence rate is among . It is much more common in people with HIV or AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa, where people with this disease have an estimated mortality rate. In many cases, people need to continue to take fluconazole indefinitely. This is especially true in people who have AIDS. Taking this medicine helps prevent relapse. Last medical review on December 11, 2017Read this following

Cryptococcal Meningitis SEMINAR

Cryptococcal Meningitis Diagnostics and Screening in the Era of Point-of-Care Laboratory Testing | Journal of Clinical Microbiology

Preventing Deaths from Cryptococcal Meningitis | Fungal Diseases | CDC

Cryptococcal Meningitis Diagnostics and Screening in the Era of Point-of-Care Laboratory Testing | Journal of Clinical Microbiology

Leave no one behind: response to new evidence and guidelines for the management of cryptococcal meningitis in low-income and middle-income countries - The Lancet Infectious Diseases

Cryptococcal Meningitis: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

PDF) Case Report: Cryptococcal meningitis in an apparently immunocompetent patient in Nepal - challenges in diagnosis and treatment

Global burden of disease of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: an updated analysis - The Lancet Infectious Diseases

PDF) Case Report: Cryptococcal meningitis in an immunocompetent patient in Nepal - challenges in diagnosis and treatment

NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

PDF) Cryptococcal meningitis: Epidemiology and therapeutic options

PDF) Correlation between Blood and CSF Compartment Cytokines and Chemokines in Subjects with Cryptococcal Meningitis

Timing of Antiretroviral Therapy after Diagnosis of Cryptococcal Meningitis | NEJM

Methods of rapid diagnosis for the etiology of meningitis in adults | Biomarkers in Medicine

PDF) Cryptococcal Meningitis Diagnostics and Screening in the Era of Point-of-Care Laboratory Testing

Epidemiology of Meningitis in an HIV-Infected Ugandan Cohort in: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume 92 Issue 2 (2015)

Timing of Antiretroviral Therapy after Diagnosis of Cryptococcal Meningitis | NEJM

Cryptococcus meningitis and the genotypes of cryptococcus neoformans prevalent in Western Maharashtra, India – topic of research paper in Clinical medicine. Download scholarly article PDF and read for free on CyberLeninka open

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PDF) Sporadic occurrence of cryptococcal meningitis in HIV-seronegative patients: Uncommon etiology?

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Brief Report: Point of Care Cryptococcal Antigen Screening: Pipetting Finger-Prick Blood Improves Performance of Immunomycologics Lateral Flow Assay. - Abstract - Europe PMC

Value of lipocalin 2 as a potential biomarker for bacterial meningitis - Clinical Microbiology and Infection

Full article: Cryptococcal meningitis: a review of cryptococcal antigen screening programs in Africa

The Epidemiology of Meningitis among Adults in a South African Province with a High HIV Prevalence, 2009-2012

Objectives We retrospectively evaluated clinic‐based screening to determine the prevalence of cryptococcal antigenaemia and management and outcome of patients with antigenaemia. Methods Cryptococca...